The Arabic science of letters as a working table, with a 3×3 wafq to lay yourself, number by number, until every line comes to its sum: count any word letter by letter in the abjad, in the eastern or the older western reckoning, from an on-screen keyboard in the old order; write any number in abjad letters, and read a sum as a Hijri year; build the 3×3 and 4×4 magic squares (wafq) for a word's value or any number, every line checked, in numbers or in letters, to save as a picture; see the buduḥ square with its corner letters; and lay four letters of a name in a Latin square, as al-Būnī did. All ninety-nine Beautiful Names are listed with their numbers, to search, sort and count, and any word shows the names that share its number; the disconnected letters that open twenty-nine suras are tabled with their values; and the abjad is set beside the Hebrew alphabet it shares its order with. Learn the order by tapping the letters into it against the clock, word by word of the rhyme, and the numbers by a quiz that keeps asking what you miss; make a chronogram, a phrase whose letters add up to a chosen year, with the count of what is still to find and the names that would make it up, after the famous one for the conquest of Constantinople; and lay the 4×4 square by hand as well as the 3×3.
The order: abjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʿfaṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh
ب2د4و6ح8
TOTAL
20
in letters ك · as a Hijri year, about 641 CE
Vowel marks are ignored; hamza is counted as alif or as the letter it sits on, and the Persian letters as the letters they are made from.
Beautiful Names of the same number, 20: (The Affectionate), (The Guide)
The abjad and the Hebrew alphabet
The name abjad is the first four letters of the old Semitic alphabet, a-b-g-d, shared by Phoenician, Aramaic and Hebrew. Those alphabets stop at tāw, 400; Arabic goes on with six letters of its own, thāʾ to ghayn, for 500 to 1000. So up to 400 the abjad and Hebrew gematria give the same number to the letter in the same place — though the match is by position, not descent: sīn stands where samekh stands, yet no Arabic letter comes from samekh.
The letters below are in the dictionary order you may know, alif bāʾ tāʾ thāʾ. Tap them into the old order of the numbers, abjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī…, and each word of the rhyme fills as you go. The clock runs from your first tap.
abjad
····
hawwaz
···
ḥuṭṭī
···
kalaman
····
saʿfaṣ
····
qarashat
····
thakhadh
···
ḍaẓagh
···
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In the eastern reckoning, as chosen above; six letters change their numbers between the two.
The ninety-nine Beautiful Names
Al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā, “the most beautiful names” (Qur'an 7:180), in the order of the list handed down by al-Tirmidhī. Each is counted as it is said when God is called upon with yā, “O”, which drops the article — yā Laṭīf — with the count including al- beside it. The lettrists worked above all with these names — al-Būnī laid their letters and numbers in squares. Tap one to count it and build its squares above.
The letters are counted as written in the Qur'anic spelling, so the small alif above the line in raḥmān is not counted: ar-Raḥmān is 298 without the article, as in the 786 of the Basmala. Lists of the names differ a little between traditions; this is the most widely used. Translations follow the Wikipedia article “Names of God in Islam”.
The disconnected letters
Twenty-nine suras open with letters said one by one — alif, lām, mīm — the ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿa or fawātiḥ, “openers”. They use exactly half the alphabet, fourteen letters, in fourteen combinations; alif lām mīm and ḥā mīm come six times each, and none of the six letters at the end of the abjad order, thakhadh ḍaẓagh, appears. Most Muslims hold that their meaning is known only to God. Commentators have read them as abbreviations of names of God or of the suras — Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī counted some twenty opinions — and Sufis and lettrists as hidden extensions of the Beautiful Names. In all but three of these suras the letters are followed almost at once by words about the revelation itself.
Sura
Letters
Number
2 al-Baqara
الٓمٓAlif Lām Mīm
71
3 Āl ʿImrān
الٓمٓAlif Lām Mīm
71
7 al-Aʿrāf
الٓمٓصٓAlif Lām Mīm Ṣād
161
10 Yūnus
الٓرAlif Lām Rā
231
11 Hūd
الٓرAlif Lām Rā
231
12 Yūsuf
الٓرAlif Lām Rā
231
13 al-Raʿd
الٓمٓرAlif Lām Mīm Rā
271
14 Ibrāhīm
الٓرAlif Lām Rā
231
15 al-Ḥijr
الٓرAlif Lām Rā
231
19 Maryam
كٓهيعٓصٓKāf Hā Yā ʿAyn Ṣād
195
20 Ṭā Hā
طهṬā Hā
14
26 al-Shuʿarāʾ
طسٓمٓṬā Sīn Mīm
109
27 al-Naml
طسٓṬā Sīn
69
28 al-Qaṣaṣ
طسٓمٓṬā Sīn Mīm
109
29 al-ʿAnkabūt
الٓمٓAlif Lām Mīm
71
30 al-Rūm
الٓمٓAlif Lām Mīm
71
31 Luqmān
الٓمٓAlif Lām Mīm
71
32 al-Sajda
الٓمٓAlif Lām Mīm
71
36 Yā Sīn
يسٓYā Sīn
70
38 Ṣād
صٓṢād
90
40 Ghāfir
حمٓḤā Mīm
48
41 Fuṣṣilat
حمٓḤā Mīm
48
42 al-Shūrā
حمٓ عٓسٓقٓḤā Mīm · ʿAyn Sīn Qāf
278
43 al-Zukhruf
حمٓḤā Mīm
48
44 al-Dukhān
حمٓḤā Mīm
48
45 al-Jāthiya
حمٓḤā Mīm
48
46 al-Aḥqāf
حمٓḤā Mīm
48
50 Qāf
قٓQāf
100
68 al-Qalam
نٓNūn
50
After the table and summary in the Wikipedia article “Muqattaʿat” and the works it cites. Sura 42 has two groups, in its first two verses.
Write a number in letters
غركه
Largest part first, read from the right. Thousands take ghayn, with the number of thousands before it: بغ is 2000, غب is 1002.
Make a chronogram
A chronogram, taʾrīkh, is a phrase whose letters add up to a year. Poets of Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish closed their poems and inscriptions with one, and the most famous marks the conquest of Constantinople: بلدة طيبة, “a good land”, a phrase from Qur'an 34:15, whose letters come to 857, the Hijri year of 1453. Choose a year and write towards it: the count shows what is still to find.
1448 is غتمح in letters · about 2026 CE
THE COUNT
0 of 1448
The wafq of 20
THREE BY THREE
No whole-number 3×3 square adds to 20: the centre of every 3×3 magic square is a third of its sum, so the sum must divide by three.
FOUR BY FOUR
A 4×4 square needs a sum of at least 34 (1 to 16 add to 136, a quarter of which is 34).
LAY THE SQUARE YOURSELF
↘
↙
Set the nine numbers so that every row, column and both diagonals come to 15 (your number 20 has no 3×3 square, so here is the buduḥ, 1 to 9). Tap a number to take it up, then a square to lay it; tap a laid number to lift it again.
The centre of every 3×3 magic square is a third of its sum — here 5 — and the numbers either side of it in any line add to twice the centre. Start there, and the corners follow.
The 3×3 fills the Lo Shu pattern with nine numbers in a row from (sum − 12) ÷ 3. The 4×4 fills a pattern of 1 to 16 with sixteen numbers from a quarter of (sum − 30), and adds what is left over to the four largest, which lie one in every line.
Buduḥ بدوح
The four even numbers stand in the corners — 2, 4, 6, 8 — and their letters spell the square's name:
ب2د4و6ح8
In the Jābirian writings it is a charm for easing childbirth; on later amulets, letters and bowls it protects, draws custom and sees a letter safely home.
A Latin square of letters
The first four different letters of your word, each once in every row, column and diagonal — the kind of square al-Būnī made from the letters of a divine name.
Given as the history of a science that many Muslims regard as forbidden to practise. The Beautiful Names are prayed by millions; please treat them, and this tool, with respect.
PRACTISE WITH IT
0 of 6 done
A few things to do with this tool, from a first try to a habit. Each one you tick counts as practice for the day, towards your streak and milestones.
Kept in this browser. Notes you send to the journal are kept there as well.